ANDROID EVOLUTION  
(Part-1)
- Er. Chhungpuia Renthlei

 Mi tam zawk chuan  Android   hi kan hre fur tawh ngei ang le. Mobile hmangtu mi thar kan pung zel a, mi thenkhat tana thil hlui te hi thenkhat tan chuan thil thar  a ni ve leh zel bawk a. Kan hriatna tizautu atan Android   chanchin tlem a zawng kan hriat atana tangkai zual te   han tarlang ang hmiang.  A thui deuh  hlek avangin part 1 leh part 2 ah ka han then ve a, tun tumah chuan part 1 kan tarlang ang.

Android hi enge ni? 

Android chu  Smart phone hardware  part hrang hrang hrang leh mobile software application (Mobile Apps)  control tu ber leh hnathawk thei a siamtu,  mobile phone inghahna software pawimawh  ber Mobile Operating System (OS) Software   chi khat  a ni. Computer a Windows leh Unix  ang hi a ni.  Android an siamna software atan hian  C / C++ language, Java leh open source code hrang hrang te an hmang  Tunlai mobile  tam ber chuan Android OS hi an hmang. Smart phone ti smart tu, a tel lo chuan tunlaia  mobile tam ber chu a tihnun theih loh tiin sawi ila a fiah ber awm e.

Kum 2003 daih tawh khan khan Andy Rubin leh a thian pathum Rich Miner, Nick Sears leh Chris White te chuan tunlai Smart phone operating system lar tak ANDROID hi an siamchhuak a. Android tih hi  Mobile leh computer software   tawngkam  ni lovin, Andy Rubin-a nickname a ni.

Engatinge Google kutah  Android  a awm tak daih?

Kan hriat theuh angin Android hi mobile operating system software tha tak mai a ni.Andy Robin-a te thian in android an siam chhuah tirh khan Google company chuan a ngaihven nghal hle. Mobile leh Internet khawvela sumdawn nan a tangkai dawn a ni tih hria in Kum 2005 khan internet lama company lar tak Google chuan  $50 Million (Maktaduai 50) in a lei hmiah mai. US Dollar 1 hian India pawisa Rs 68 vel a tluk a. Dollar Maktaduai 50 chu India Pawisa chuan Maktaduai 3430 lai anih chu 

Tichuan, kum 2005 atanga vawiin thleng hian Android inc. neitu chu Google a ni. Android version hrang hrang siam chhuak zel turin Google chuan Google's Android division a siam a, Android version tunlaia kan hman chi hrang hrang te hi an rawn siamchhuak ta a ni. Google Android Division te chuan Smart phone a hman theih turin Android version 1.0 chu 23rd September 2008 khan an tlangzarh a. Hemi hnu lawk 9th February 2009 khan Android version 1.1 an tlangzarh nghal bawk.

Android version code name atan avangin nge hmawmsawm (dessert) hming hman a nih? Android leh hmawmsawm (dessert) company te hian in zawmna an nei em?

Android version  hmasa Android version 1.0 leh 1.1 te hian code name hranpa an nei lo a, a bak zawng chuan vawiin thleng hian hmawmsawm (dessert) hming  an nei vek anih ni. Android version hrang hrang  code name  hming atan  mobile leh computer kaihhnawih miah lo, khawvel mipui ten kan hriat lar em em hmawmsawm (dessert) hming an hmang daih mai hi mitam tak zawhna a ni. 

27th April 2009 a Google Android division ten Android Version 1.5  an release atang chiahin Hmawmsawm (Dessert ) hming an pe. Dessert code name an pek hmasak ber chu Android version 1.5 atana Cupcake tih  hi a ni. Tichuan, vawiin thleng hian Android version te hian Alphabetical order in Code name an nei ta zel a ni.

Google's Android division te chuan hmawm sawm siamtu te nen sumdawnna a inzawmna emaw, hlawkpuina an nei loh thu an sawi. Dessert hmingvan hmanchhan ber chu mipui hip nan  te, an intihhlimna leh khawvel hmun hrang hranga cheng te tana hriat sa  hming common tak an phuah duh vang mai a ni tiin an sawi Android version thar an tlangzarh apiangin Google's Android division te chuan version hming atana an phuah hmawmsawm lian takin an siam a, Google office kawt ah an tar chhuak thin

Android version hrang hrang te code name leh Initial version an release kum te chu

1.Android Version 1.0 (Alpha )

    -23rd September 2008

2.Android Version 1.1 (Beta) 

     -9th, February 2009.

3.Android Version 1.5 ( Cupcakel)

     -27th April 2009

4.Android Version 1.6 (Donut) 

     -15th September 2009

5.Android Version 2.0 (Eclair )

      -26th October 2009

6.Android Version 2.1 (Eclair )

      -January 2010

7.Android Version 2.2 ( Froyo) 

     -18th January 2011

8.Android Version        2.3,2.4(Gingerbread)

    - 6th December 2010

9.Android Version 3.0 (Honeycomb )

     - 22nd February 2011

10.Android Version 3.1 (Honeycomb)

   - July 2011.

11.Android Version 3.2 (Honeycomb)

  - August of 2011

12.Android Version 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)

    - 19th October 2011

13.Android Version 4.1 (Jelly Bean)

       - 9 July 2012

14.Android Version 4.4 (Kitkat)

        - 5th December 2013

15.Android Version 5.0,5.1 (Lollipop)

      -12th November 2014

16.Android Version 6.0 (Marshmallow)

       -5th October 2015

17.Android Version 7 (Nougat)

      -22nd August 2016

18.Android Version 8.0 (Oreo)

       - 21st August 2017

19.Android Version 9 (Pieo)

March 7, 2018 atang  khan beta version enchhin a ni tawh a. Version pangai tak Release b hun chu  August 6, 2018 A NI.

 

20. Android 10 

September 3, 2019 

Engvangin nge Android Version hrang hrang an release thin?

Technology  hmasawnna a chak em avangin Smart phone hmanna a pung zel a, keini Android hmangtu te mamawh phuhruk zel tur te, a thalo lai siamthatna (bug fix) tur te, security tha zawk dah belh tur te leh ka wng hrang hranga software tihchangtlunna turin  Google's Android division te hian Android hi update zing hle. 

Tin, Software to company te in elna a sang em em a,  customer neih tam duh avang leh  midang aia tha a an software products quality neih duhna avang te in nitin hian dahbelh tur leh tih danglam tur an zawng reng a, nakin lawkah chuan, Android Version P an tih mai “Pistachio Version” an release hnuah pawh version dang ala chhuak zel dawn a nih hmel e.

Tunah khan Android  version eng ber nge i hman han enchhin teh le.

SOFTWARE  VERSION
-Er. Chhungpuia Renthlei

Software version  hi enge ni?

Software version  awmzia chu software siamtu ten software thar an siam emaw, a awmsa an tihdanglam leh tleh belh ngai an belh awmze nei taka an chhinchhiahna a ni. Hming emaw number emaw hmangin an chhinchhiah thin. Software version hi Hlawm lian deuh chi hnih Pre-release version leh  Post re-lease version leh ah then a ni. Hengah hian Version hming hi chi hrang hrang a awm leh a, chung zinga  tlem te chauh han tarlang ila. Adang chu remchangah tarlan kan tum dawn nia.

Pre-release versions :Hei hi Software an release  tak tak hma a  siamtu te bakah a hmangtu tur  mipui te hnena a that leh that loh  enchhinna tur version sawina  a ni. Pre-release version  hi chihnih a awm a, chung te chu:-

Alpha Version : Software  a tira an siam , feature thenkhat  chauh hman theih tura an peihfel  hmasak  ho hi  Alpha Version tiin an sawi thin. Alpha Version anih chhung chuan a pumhlumin  an la siam zo lo tihna a ni. Feature thenkhat an siam zawh   te hi a that leh that loh test a ngai thin. Software siamtu te chauhvin an test thin. 

Beta Version : Software  an siam zawh tawh, mahse  a tak taka hman theih tura an la release si loh  hi beta version tiin an sawi thin. beta version  anih tawh chuan  an telh tur feature  te an siam zo thawkhat tawh thin. Amaherawh chu  a hmangtu tur ten  tha an tih leh tih loh te, anih dan tur ang takin hna a thawk thei dawn em tih te leh  a tak takin hmang dawn ta se harsatna a awm thei ang em tih te finfiah a la ngai thung.  Hemi test tur hian   Software siamtu te bakah   a hmang tu tur  mipui te hnenah  an antlangzarh thin. Feedback leh comment  an dawn atangin a tul angin an siamtha leh thin. 

Post release version :Hei hi Software an release  tak tak hnu a version sawina  a ni. Post -release version  hi hrang hrang a awma, chung te chu:-

Software Version 1.0 : Enchhinna hrang hrang paltlang hnuah Software siamtu ten  customer duh dan tur ang thlapa hnathawk thei tura tura an buatsaih  hnuah marketa hralhchhuah tur emaw, mipui nawlpui hman theih turin an release ta a, Hei hi  Version 1.0  tiin an vuah a. Software Version 1.0   hi  Software version chhiar tanna mel lung pawimawh ber a ni. Tichuan,  engemaw chen an hman hnuah  mawmawh dan a zirin    features telh belh zelin version thar an siam chho zel thin a ni. Entir nan tunah hian Windows 10 hi Windows ah chuan version hnuhnung ber a ni. 

Patch Version :Hei hi Version thar  ni chuanglo, version awmsa  hman tur  engemaw  thil thlak danglam, update, tihdik e.t.c   an dahbelh  ang chi hi a ni. Hemi hmang tur hian software version engemaw ber neihsa a ngai. Mobile software ah abikin a tam hle.  

Engatinge Software an Update thin?

Software company te hian  keini a hmangtu te  (users) mamawh  phuhruk zel tur te, a thalo lai siamthatna (bug fix) tur te, security  tha zawk dah belhna atan te leh kawng hrang hranga software tihchangtlunna turin a khat tawkin  New Version an release thin. A bik takin Android Apps ah hian update an dah zing thin hle.  

WhatsApp Beta Vesion chu enge ni ?

WhatsApp Software siamtu te hian Version thar an release hma hian features langsar zual an dah thar  enchhin nan,  tmipui hmaah an phochhuak hmasa thin. Hei hi WhatsApp Beta Version tiin an vuah. Hetianga mipui nawlpui hman tura an release hmaa lo  enchhintute hi Beta Tester an ti WhatsApp beta test page hial an siam a. Heta tang hian Whatsapp hmangtu a duh apiang te beta tester kan ni thei a ni. 

WHATSAPP BETA TESTER NIH DAN
Chi hnih a awma, i duh zawk zawk i hmang thei ang
OPTION 1 
1.WhatsApp beta test page  hi visit rawh. https://play.google.com/apps/testing/com.whatsapp/join
2.Loggin option i hmu anga, tuna i smartphone a i hman mek nangma Google account   hmangin loggin la, “ Become A Tester ” tih button ah khan click rawh. Tichuan, beta tester i ni nghal ang.
3. Google Play  store ah lut la, Search option ah  WhatsApp  tih type rawh. “ WhatsApp Messenger (Beta) ” tih i hmu ang. Update nghal ang che.

OPTION2
1. Google Play  store* ah lut la, Search option ah  WhatsApp  tih type rawh. “ WhatsApp Messenger (Beta) ”. tih i hmu ang.
2.WhatsApp Messenger (Beta)  app description a  images section ah khan   “ Become a beta tester ”  tih inziak a awm ang.
3.  “ I’m in ” tih button ah khan click rawh. “ Join ”  tih  option ah khan click leh rawh . Tichuan, beta tester i ni nghal ang.

Automatic apdate a i phone i dah loh chuan  Automatic apdate dah nghal la, Whatsapp beta feature thar  a awm apiangin  i nei ve zel tawh ang. Beta tester  atan hian  user limit an suam thin a,  An duh tawk atam beta tester an hmuh tawh chuan Beta programme  is full tih te a an tilang thin. Hetiang hi i hmu anih chuan tester a ni thei hrih tawh lo tihna a ni.

Aw le, Software khawvelah kan cheng ta ni ber mai a,   keimani smart phone leh computer  a software awm te hian kan mamawh an phurhruk em tih te kan hriat a tul hle. 

 ZAI MITE MAMAWH  IT  LITERACY 
Er. Chhungpuia  Renthlei.

IT literacy   hian  Tunlai information technology zir   thiamna leh  Computer, smart phone  leh a kaihnawih hmanraw hrang hrang kan phak tawka hmanthiamna leh kan nitin  eizawnna leh hnathawhna  chak zawk leh  hlawk taka  kan hman theihna hi a kawk ber.Zai mi te tan pawh  rimawi khawvela kan  hmasawn pui theih nana kan hman theih hi duhthusam ber a ni lo thei lo. Hei vang hian  IT lamah  kan tana tangkai tur thil kan thiam ve theih nan, IT literacy  ah Certificate  enge maw tal nei tura tanlak a tul hle tawh mai.Tunlai khawvel thang chho zelah  music khawvelah  Information Technology  kan hmang nasa hle mai. Internet  ngat phei chu Zai mi ten   in vawrh lar nan leh sum tam tak hai luh nan an hmang mek a nih hi

 Keini mizoramah pawh  Social media channel hrang hrang leh you tube  te hi  Audio/ Video album thehdarh nan tlangzarh nan kan hmang nasa hle mai.Musician  leh zaimi te tan  chuan Information Technology (IT)  literacy  hian nasa takin hlawhtlina leh hlawhchhamna ah kawngro a su nasa hle tih chu kan hai lo tlang hle tawh awm e.Sum tam tak la lut thei tur kan nih laia midang kuta kan inghah lutuk avang te hian kan nih tur ang kan ni pha lo fo. Tin, tul lovah sum leh pai pawh kan seng teuh teuh thin bawk. Hei bakah,zai mite hian  Sound track leh  Audio/Video Album  mumla taka mahni ngei a internet ah emaw storage media  hrang hangah kan dah thiam a pawimawh hle.

Tun hma lama kan zai mi te leh musician te khan harsa taka an beih fe hnuah Album pakhat an siam thei awrh kha a ni a. Tunlai  mite nen an dinhmun a inthlau hle tawh a ni.  Mizo zinga  All India Radio, Aizawl Station-a zaithiam aw khung hmasa ber chu Thantluangi a ni a , kum 1957 khan a thun a. Hetih lai hian Radio nei  mizoramah an la tlem hle. Hriat theih chinah mizo zinga Radio nei hmasa ber chu  Dr. Pika, Kulikawn a ni. Kum 1945 khan radio a nei tawh. Top Grade Artist hmasa ber chu Vanhlupuii a ni..Audio Album Mizo zinga siam hmasa ber – ZODI an ni a, Recording Studio hmasa ber – OTTO Recording Studio, 1979 kha an ni . Mizoram a Computer nei hmasa ber chu   Economic & Statistic Dept.an ni a, kum  1986 khan  an nei . Tin,  Star TV tichhuak hmasa ber  chu Skylinks, July 1990 te kha an ni

Kum 2006 khan computer-a thu (information) dah khawm theihna chu Exabyte 160 a ni a, 2009-a website-a thu awm zawng zawng chu Exabyte 400 (zettabyte zatve) a ni. Mark Liberman-a chhut dan chuan mihringte thu sawi (speech) zawng zawng chu 42 zettabyte-a khung theih a nia; International Data Coporation chuan kum 2012 khan khawvel puma thu (data) zawng zawng chu 2.7 zettabyte a rit niin a chhut a, kum 2011 aiin 48% -in a thang tih a ni.Internet khawvel a  data  tam ber te hi Music  a ni tlat mai. Heta tang hian  rimawi khaawvel in IT lama  hma a sawn chakzia chu a langfiah hle awm e.

Tunlai khawvela  Music  video chi hrang hrang dahna (upload), awmna leh enna hmunpui, Youtube tih tawngkam hi hre lo fa kan awm awm love.  Hetih lai hian zia mite zingah    Youtube hre ve si,  Account  siam dan leh upload dan  hre ziktluak tak tak si lo, midang kuta innghat   kan kat nuk awm e.  . You tube ah hian man chawi lova  Audio/video  album   dah a theih te hi a thatna pakhat chu a ni leh ngei awm e. IT lamah thiamna tlem han neih belh hlek la, tumah pan buai ngai miah lovin i awm hmun atangin i video ngei mai kha i upload thei. Local cable tv i mamawh ta hauh lo mai, sum chawi a ngai lo. You Tube video pakhat ringawt hi mi nuai za tel teh meuhin zu en thin avangin  Video pakhat ringawt atang pawh hian hausak lawihna tham a tling. 

Zai lamah ngat phei chuan Mite hriathlawh nih  hi mizoramah chuan  hlawhtlinna bul a ni lo thei lo. Social media  platform ,Facebook,whatsapp etc te hi kan hmanraw tangkai ber a ni.Kan hman tangkai thiam leh thiam loh ah  kan  lar leh lar loh a in nghat thui hle tawh ang. Album thar   kan siam  darh zau se kan duh anih chuan   share kual char char  te pawh a tul ang. nformation Technology khawvelah hmanraw thar leh changkang ber ber nitin an siamchhuak a. Heng hmanraw thiltithei tak takte hi kan hman thiam chuan kan hnam hmel thlak thei hial khawpa chak a ni si a.

 Zai mi te hi Khawvel hmasawnain a hrut tel ve zel a, Album production  leh  hralhna kawngah  Information Technology pawh kan ramah kan lo hmang ve ta hial ta.Electronic khawl te avangin kan nitin khawsak pawh a danglam nasa em em a, tun hmaa thil harsa takte kha tunah chuan awlsam takin kan ti zung zung thei tawh a. Finna leh thiamna sang tak avangin thil zep ruk pawh a theih tawh lo va, engkim a lang a, kan inhre tawn zung zung tawh a ni. 

Ram hmasawn te  music khawvel rualin ke kan pen chho ve zel a, mizo zai mi te sulhnu  thar lam ber ber te pawh Internet  khawvel tukverhah kan thalai tam tak ten kan kan thlir ve thei tawh te hi  a lawmawm hle mai. Kan zai mi te h ian Kan kuta awm IT  hmanrua tha tak takte hi mahni intihchak nan leh mi dangte dawm kang nan   hmang tangkai thiam ang u.

COPY & PASTE -KHAWVEL

-Er. Chhungpuia Renthlei

Computer leh Smartphone hmang thin ten   kan  hman lar em em, Copy  and Paste hmuchhuaktu hi American hming thang tak Lawrence Gordon Tesler-a  a ni.  Xerox Palo Alto Research Center a a  thawh lai a hmuhchhuah  a ni.Copy and paste  hi  Social media hrang hrangah  Thuziak emaw, milem emaw hmun danga  suan kual nan kan hmang nasa hle. Vawiin thlengin keini mizo zingah pawh a lar hle anih hi.

Hetiang tak maia  kan tangkaipui  Copy  and Paste hmuchhuaktu  Lawrence Gordon Tesler-a  chanchin  langsar zual tlem han tarlang teh ang. Tuesday, April 24, 1945  khan  New York ah piang. Stanford University atanga zir chhuak a ni. Computer  Scientist thiam tak a ni. A  thiamna leh hnathawhna lam ber chu   mihring ten awlsam leh  tha zawka computer  kan hman theih dan tur ruahmanna (human-computer interaction)  chung chang a ni ber. Kum 1961 khan Bronx High School of Science atangin a graduate a. Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), Apple, Amazon leh Yahoo! ah te a thawk tawh bawk. Tin, kum 1960  chho vel a   computer science a zir na hmun, Stanford University ah  Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ah engemaw chen a thawk  tawh bawk.

Aw le, Tuna  Lelte chanchinbu i chhiar mek lai hian Tesler-a hi  a la dam ve reng a , kum 73 mi a ni mek ve bawk tih te han hre mai mai teh le!   Kum 1973  atanga  1980 thleng Xerox PARC ah a thawk a. Hetih chhung zawng hian a project hna pui ber chu  Gypsy word processor leh Small talk  chungchang a ni. Heta a thawh lai hian  Tesler-a hian computer programming language chi khat Smalltalk-76  ah  research program a buaipui a, Computer internal memmory a  thuziak (text data)   dahkhawmtu  in charge   a ni.   Awlsam leh chak zawk a   thuziak dahkhawm theih dan kawngah  ngaihtuahna a seng nasa hle a.  cut, copy and paste feature hi a duangchhuak ta a ni. A tum ber chu  thuziak hawrawp hmun pakhat atanga hmun danga dahsawn  a ni.

Larry Tesler leh a thawhpui Timothy Mott-a  te thiandun chuan Cut, Copy and Paste  feature  hmang thei turin  'Ctrl X', 'Ctrl C' and 'Ctrl V'  short cut keys an siam a. Kum 1975 khan Xerox PARC  atan Gypsy  software an duangchhuak nghal a.  Gypsy software hi mouse nen a control theih  graphical user interface (GUI)   hmanga  document chhut luhna theihna  hmasa ber a ni. Khawvela  a hmasa ber atan cut,copy and paste  chu Tesler leh a thawhpui Tim Nott te chuan  Gypsy programming language ah  kum 1973-1976 inkar khan an hmang tan ta  a ni.

Copy & Paste  feature  hlawhtling taka a duanchhuah hnuah  Kum  1980 khan Tesler chu Apple Computer ah a insawn a. Apple computer ah   he a thil duanchhuah hi hman theih turin a siam nghal a.  Tangkai takin  Apple computer ah an hmang chho ve ta nghal bawk a.  Apple  computer a a thawh chhung hian  dinhmun pawimawh tak tak   a  chelh a, chung te chu :- Vice President of AppleNet, Vice President of the Advanced Technology Group leh Chief Scientist te a ni.

Apple  computer a  kum 17  dawn a thawh hnu ah kum 1997 ah  Stagecast Software ah a insawn leh a. Heta a awm lai hian naupang ten Computer an hman ve theihna tur software  tha tak a siam nghe nghe. Kum 2001 ah  khawvela online shopping lar tak, Amazon ah a thawk leh a. Kum 2004 ah Amazon Company  Vice President a ni. Kum 2005 ah Yahoo! company Vice President a ni leh  bawk. November 2008 ah  Yahoo chhuahsan leh in personal genetics information company ah Product Fellow hna a thawk leh bawk.

Copy & Paste  feature  hi kum 1973-1976 inkar daih tawh khan  hman tan  ni mahse,  a lar nghal  mai lo  va. Khawvel a Computer  lar  Apple Lisa (1983)  leh Macintosh (1984) ten Cut (x), Copy (c) leh   paste/Insert (p)  function an hman atangin  hman lar tak tak ani chho ta a ni.A tirah chuan Paste tih  aiah hian put, place leh  insert te hi an hmang uar hle a. Desktop Publishing khawvel a  typewriter technology  an hmang thin chu graphic design leh commercial printing's setting technology ten an rawn luahlan chhoh takah chuan Paste tih thumal hi an hmang chho ta a ni.

American computer scientist hmingthang Lawrence Gordon Tesler-a siamchhuah Copy  &  Paste  hi computer khawvelah  kan hmang tangkai  hle mai.  Chak zawk  leh  awlsam zawkin   kan duh apiang kan copy  zung zung thei a,  Thu ziak sei tak tak pawh  second rei lo te chhungin  kan copy thei  anih hi.Hmanlai nunah kan let leh anih ngawt loh chuan, Computer khawvelah thangthar  ten   kan la hmang reng dawn a, kan hmang tangkai tel telh telh bawk ang.